Religion and Gander

In many religious heirchies, women are mostly excluded from power. It is very clear in Christianity but it is also characteristic of all the major religion. Christianity is a male affair in its symbolism while Mary the mother of Jesus may sometimes being treated as if she had divined. God is the father a male figural and Jesus took the human shape a man. Woman is depicted as created from rib taken from man. There are many female figures in the Bible and some depicted as bravely however the prime a parts are reserve for male. There is not female equal to Moses. In the New Testament all the apostles are men.

These facts have not gone unnoticed by those and most in woman’s movement in 1895 Elizabeth Cady published a serious of commentary on the scripture in title of the woman Bible. In her view, God had created women and men as beings of equal value and the Bible should fully reflect this fact its masculine character she believed reflected not the authentic view of God but the fact that was written by men in 1870. The Church of England had established a committee to do what have been done many times before reproves and update the Biblical text. As she pointed out the committee contains not a single woman. She is asserted that there is no reason to support that God is male since it was clear in the scripture that all human beings were fashioned in the image of God.

Female deities are quite often found in religions across the world. These are sometime thought of as womanly gentle and loving in the other instances goodness appears as fearful destroyers woman worrier-gods are found fairly often ever though in actual social life women are only very occasionally military leaders. Now wide-ranging study of the symbolic and material environment of women in difference religion has yet being undertaken but there are seeing to be a few if any religion in which females are the dominant figures either symbolically as religions authority.

Sub-topic- Roles of woman in religion

In Buddhism females appear as important figures in the teaching of some Buddhist order. In Mahāyana Buddhism women are represented in a particularly favorable life. However, on the whole Buddhism what is evident is that it is a male created institution dominated by a various power structure in which the famine is mostly associated with the secular, powerless, profane and imperfect contracting pictures of woman appear in the Buddhist text mirroring not doubt the attitude of man to all women in the secular world. On the one hand females appear as wise maternal and gentle on the other as mysterious polluting and destructive threatening evil.

In the Buddhism woman have traditional been allowed a role as nun which has also being the main avenue for the direct expressing of female religious convection within Christianity.  The monastic life, derives from the practices of very early christen groups who lived a life of extreme power given over to meditation this individual and roles sometimes have a few connection with this established church but by the early Middle age the church had managed to gain control of most of the order they had founded monastery became fixed building with the image bound to the authority system of the Catholic church.

Some of the most influential male monastic order was founded in the 12^th century, the same era as the Crusades military expectation to recover the holy land from the Muslim. The majority of woman’s order was not established until some two centuries later. Their membership remained relatively small. Many women at this time became nuns partly because of the career which was there by opened up to them in teaching and nursing. Since these occupations were controlled by the religion order as professions became separated from the church the proportion of women in the orders full.

Although the ritual and observances of difference orders vary all nuns are regarded as brides of Christ. Until changes were made in some of the order in the 20^th century. Sometimes, Marriage ceremonies were carried out during the cost of which the novice could cut her hair received religious name and be given wedding ring. A novice is free to leave or can be dismissed.

Woman’s orders today show considerable diversity in their beliefs and modes life. I, some convent sister dress in full traditional habit. Other communities by contrasted are not only houses in modern building but have dropped many of the old regulation; the sister’s wearing ordinary dress. Restrictions on talking to other and certain periods of the day having relaxed together with the rules about the position of the body, such as walking with hands folded and hidden under the habit. 

  May you be health and wealth.

Religious sectarianism

Sectarianism is a sub-division within a group such as in politics or religious innovate community or believers. But there are many differences ways in which such community are organized Max Weber distingue between church and sect. According to Max Weber a church is a large were established religious body. A sect is smaller last highly organized grouping of commuter believers usually Satan its say in protects against a church. Church normally has a formal stricture with a hierarchy of religious officers and ten to represent the conservative face of religious. Same their integrated in to the existent institutional order most of their at-header are like their parents in being church members.

Sects are comparatively small. They usually aim at discovering and following “The True way” and tend to withdrawn from the surrounding society in to community of their own. The member of sect regard establishes church as corrupt most have a few of non-official all are regarded as equal participate. A small proposing of people are born in to sect. however, most actively join them, In order to further their beliefs.

Other scholars have further developed the church and sect typologies. Howard Becker attended to further type in 1950. The denomination and cult he defiles a denomination is a sect which has cooled down and became and institutional life’s body rather than active protect rime sect which survivor over any period of time become denomination. Therefore, Calvinism and Methodism was sect during their early formation. Later, the generator great favor among their member over the years they have become most respectable. Such as have recognized denomination as most all last legitimates. They exist a long side them with cooperation and harmony.

Cults resample sect but they have different empty they are more transient of all religious organization the individual reject what they see as the value of the outside society. Their focus is on individual experience breaking likeminded individual together people do not formally join a cult. But follow particular theory or prescript way of behavior members are allow to maintain other religious connection Cult forms around and inspirational leader. For example, spiritualism as astrology transcended meditation and spall master.

             The four concepts of churches, sects, denomination and cults are useful for analyses aspic of religious organization. However, they have to be applied with caution carefully because they reflected specifically Christian tradition as the cause of Islam. Indicates, there is not always a destined church separate from other institution. In non-Christian religion, other establish religion do not have a develop Hierarchy. For example, Hinduism is a religion that it is hard to find within its features and organization and Hinduism has not sub-division as denomination.

                The concepts of sects and cults perhaps have browed application but there are against a degree of caution is necessary. Sects like roping have existence within the major world religion. They show most of the attribute commandment divergence from all the doors see. However, most of this root for example In Hinduism is more like traditional ethics community. Communities then they are like christen sects. A Hinduism sect Hare-Krishna using traditional mantra has formed a new community In the UK. Many such group lack of true believer commonly founding Christianity because in the ethical religion of the east there are is more tolerance of diver outlooks a group made God if own way without necessarily meeting opposition from more other establishes organization. The team cult has wide used and can be applied to some kinds of Millenarian movement.

            The concepts of church, sect and denomination may be somewhat culture bound but they do help ask to analyze the tension which or religion ten to generated between revivalism and institutionalization religion organization which have been in existence for some wide ten to become inflexible. However, religion simple have extra ordinary immortal power for believers. New sects and cults are constantly arising the distention between the secret and prophet can be observed more religious activities have become stander life. Ceremonies can help to revivalist a sense of the distention holistic of religious experience. 

                                                                May you be happy and successful    

Religious fundamentalism (R S G. 301) 2012

      

The team fundamentalism can be applied in many different contacts. To destroy strict at hell to a set of principles all believes. For example, scientific fundamentalism, legal fundamentalism, health fundamentalism, education fundamentalism. Fundamentalism has people to set and idea type which cannot be observed practically in the society. Religious fundamentalism discriminate the approach taken by religion groups who called for the lateral interpretation of basic scripture all test and believe that the doctrine which image from such reading should be applied to all aspects of  social, cultural, economical, educational and political life.

   Religion fundamentalist believe that only one view of the world is possible and that there view is the correct one. There is no rule for multiple interpretation within religious fundamentalist movements accept to the accept meaning of scripture is restricted to a set of prevalence interpreted such as prices, clergies, monks, all other religious leaders. This views this leader a great among of authority. Not only religion in matters but also in secular one as well. Religion fundamentalist have become powerful political figure in opposition movement within main strength political party and as his heads of state religion fundamentalism is a relatively new phenomenal.

 It is only in the last three decades that the team has intend comment used it has a raised largely in respond to globalization as the forces of modernization under mind traditional element of the social word  such as Muce lear family and then domination of women by men. Fundamentalism has a raised in depend of traditional believe. In the globalization world which demand rational reason fundamentalism in set on fast basic answer and referenced to ritual true. Fundamentalism is tradition depended in the traditional way. Fundamentalism has more to do with how beliefs are depended and justify then with the contact of the beliefs themselves.

Although fundamentalism sects itself in opposition to modernity. It also employs modern approach in uncertain is belief. Christian fundamentalist in the unite state for example will among the first to use the television as a median fort spreading their doctrine. Islamic fundamentalist frighten Russian forces in Shania have develop website to set fort their views. Hindutva have used the internet and e-mail to promote feeling of Hindu idol.        

Islamic fundamental

Max Webber has suspected that a traditional religion like Islam could undergo a major revival and become the basic of importance political development in the 20 century. It is exactly what has happened in the 1980 in Iran in recent here Islamic revivalism has spice with a significant  in fact on other country including Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, Afghanistan and Nigeria to understand this situation. We should know both aspects both Islam as a religion and secular changing in it.

Islam like Christianity is religion that has continually stimulated activism the holy Quran is full of instruction to believer to struggle in the way of god. This struggle is against both unbelievers and those for introduce correction in the Muslim community. However, Islam has eternally device into sects shi’ism, splay from the main body of the entire door Islam early in its history and has remain influential shi’ism is the official religion of Iran since the 16 century and was the soul if the idea behind the Iranian revolution.

There are large shi’istes populations in other Middle Eastern country including Iraq the kind Saudi Arabia and India and Pakistan Islamic leaders said it is country however it is hands of the majority Sunni. The Sunni Muslins follows the beaten path a series of tradition deriving from the Quran which tolerate a considerable diversity of opinion in contracts to the more reject defiled views of the sects.

During the Middle age, there was a constant struggle between Christian Europe and the Muslim states which control large section of North Europe most of the land conquer by the Muslin were reclaimed by the Europeans. In the late 19 century, the inability of the Muslin world to receive the sprees of western culture left to reform movement seeking to re-stop Islam to age Original purity and strength a key idea was that Islam should respond to the western challenge by affirming  the identity of is on belief ad practices. 

Citta and Cetasika

        Citta and Cetasikas are found in Abhidhamma. In the Abhidhamma, there are Four Ultimate Reality. They are Citta, Cetasika, Rūpa and Nibhana. Citta and Cetasika are two of them. According to early Buddhist teaching, Citta is the Viññāna. Cetasika means Vedana, Saṇñā and Sankharā. However, with the development of Abhidhamma, they have to show similarities between this two. There are four similarities can be see between this two. They are “Ekkhupāda, Ekkha niroda, Ekkha Vatthuka, Ekkharammana“ . They are the four similarities.

       The meaning of Citta means consciousness. The term Citta is used in Buddhist psychology, ethic and metaphysics. It is the actual element in mind and mentality and an element of consciousness. The term Citta is used in early Buddhist discourses with explanation. In the Abhidhammathasangha it is mentioned that, “Ekkhupada, Ekkhālaṃpana, Ekkha Vathukā, Ekkaniroda ”. All human actions are preformed by mind. Mind precedes all actions. Therefore human conducts are to be explained by the nature of mind.

        In the early Buddhism or once occasion, it has been discussed the terms of Citta. When the Buddha preached the dhamma, he explained these terms as very equally. Accordingly, Buddha has explained that the Citta is very pure. “ Pabassara midam bhikkhave Citta ” When we think the meaning of Citta, we can identified similarity as the Citta, Mana and Viññāṇa. But, its have their own name. When we take these forms as equal terms, we can prove with the statement given by the Budhha. “Tam ca kho etha bhikkhave vuccati cittaṇ itipi, mano itipi, viññāṇa itipi”.

        According to this quotation in Dīgha Nikāya, it is clearly that Citta, Mano and Viññāṇa are used in the same meaning. However, the term Citta represents subjective aspect of consciousness. In the Paṇihitaaccha Vagga of Aṅguttara Nikāya, the Buddha says: “ monks, I consider that there is no phenomenon that comes and goes so quickly as mind. It is not easy to find a simile to show how quickly mind comes and goes. 
 

        The term Cetasika is used in Buddhist psychology. The term has been variously translated into English as psychic function of events which means mental-coefficient, mental-concomitants, mental-factors and mental-elements. Etc. the Cetasika appears for the first time only in the Paṭasambhidā Magga of Khuddhaka Nikāya. When we talk about Citta, it is included 89 Cittas. Here also included 52 Setacikas. In Abhidhammathasamgha is given by the state that is “Ekkhupāda nirodācca Ekkhālambaṃa Vaṭṭhukā cetoyuttha dwepanyasa dhammā Cetasikā matā ”. 
 

         As I mention that there are four similarities . Those similarities are mentioned even in early Buddhist teaching. So, with development of Abhidhamma, those they have mentioned two kind of fact. such as, Citta and Cetasika. We can easy find there are similarities.

                                                                         

Karl Marx approach to religion

Karl Marx was a materialist. He did not believe in super natural existence. He accepts that “man makes religion, religion does not make man”. This is the nature of religion. According to Marx , Religion is an alienated institution before Karl the materialist is Ludwig feubeach interpreted the concept of religion alienation about statement is a production of Ludwig feudeach “Man creates God, God does not create man. According to Marx, alienation is a process that leads man to suffer in this world. Therefore, Religion is a means of alienation.

Marx argues that religion produced an ideological mystification of reality. In this way religion sanctifies the established order. It proclaims that the political authority of the ruling class ordained super natural authority. Mars’s view that religion mirrors economic circumstances provides helpful standing point for social science analysis as he said people need food in their vehicle before believes.

Marx’s argue that religion was a vehicle of ruling class ideological. Marx’s show how is institution and religion in servant of powerful economic and political elites in the poor accept their lot in return for a better hereafter they will stop seeing social justice here on a they will from Marx perceptive imbibe spiritual gin instead of butting on the food Marxism their by offer and apply version of social science that hell the oppressed to understand the reality if their oppressing and to find for something better.

A belief and a better hereafter also serve as confect to the poor and oppress. Marx said “religion is the opium of the people.’ Through religion the people are force into accepting their lowly position in return for a superior after life religion their by function as potent for more social controlled by keeping the poor in their place. Marx’s wanted to remove the illusory nature of religion and into export it for in ideology of the ruling class. Marx’s main objective was to liberate the working class from the oppressing of capitalism anything that serve capitalist interest included social control function of religion had to be critiqued de-mystified contested and ultimately gets up rid of religion in ruling class.

Marxism legitimates a social order base on equality empty that this is ordained by divide will. Marx’s offer and order native prospect and humanity society base on socialism and ultimately communism although and atheism. Marx was more again institutional religion then religion in it pure. The clergy was usually members of the ruling class with vested interest in keeping the poor in their place. He longed for the erosion of super natural belief and was convinced that secularization would labret people from mystify from of social oppression. He and his co-writer and friend fedrich Engles . Clean that the poor were uninterested and formal instruction of religion. However, some predation of Marx and engles proved to be false.

Karl Marx in his book contribution to the critique of Hegel’s philosophy totally defined religion in this way “Religion is the self consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet formed himself or has already lost himself again. Religion is the generally theory of that world. It universe soul of consolation and justification depend on religious theory. It is the fantastic realization of the human essence because of human essence has no truth reality the struggles again religion.  Is therefore indirectly a fight again the world? Religions distress is at the same time the expressing of real distress and then protects again real distress. Religion is the sigh of oppressed creature the heart offer heartless world and soul of soulless world. It is opinion of people.”

Religious experience

Religious experience means a very specific unite extra ordinary surprise experience that made wander awe and mystery in the presents of divinity all sacred. This topic most not discuss before the word of “Verities of religious experience” (written by William James). Religious experience must be understood against the background of ordinary experience. Experience is the knowledge perceived by senses.  

According to empiricism, all ideas believe and theory comes from sensual idol. On the other hand, religious experience gods beyond the sensual idol. The awareness of the holy which means awe and reverences the feelings of dependent the sense of with the divide the perception of an unseen order can be taken as religious experience. According to Hebrew Bible reveals the experience of God on critical Jubgman on humanity and the separation from the holy.

Religious experience in involves what is final in value for human beings and concern believe and what is ultimate and reality. For example, Jesus try personal religious experience of seen God is the culmination of religious life. All religious experience can be destroy intends of three basic Enlightenment.

1.      The personal concern.

2.      The personal attitude.

3.      The social form.

Although, the first two Enlightenment can be destitute there are no spirited religious experience is always found on connection with personal concern oriental to work the power of the self. Historical religious traditions find their rule in the religious experience and inside who have served as founder religious experience is always understood as a subjective experience.

Sub Topic (the experience of God.)

The term religious experience is used for any experience. One has in connection with one’s religious life including senses of guilt or release, joys, fears, a sense of gratitude and so on. Firstly, the awareness of God is experienced, is contrasted with abstract thought. Secondly, the experience is direct the subject feel immediately Awareness of God. Rather then, beings awareness of God through being awareness of something else.  Thirdly, the experience is completely lacking in sense content. It is a non-sense   presentation of God. Finally, it is a focal experience one in which the awareness of attracts somebody attention sours strongly.

Sub Topic (Mystical experience.)

Philosopher are interested in mystical experience serves as sours song knowledge though who had such as experienced difficultly take themselves to have learn something from there. Usually, they supported only limited sense of belief to be justified there include the belief that God exits certain believe about his nature and believes about what God is doing. The fast that the subjects take themselves to acquire knowledge of God from mystical perception does not guarantee that they do. One can be mislead even by sense experience, in extreme cause one can be subject complete hallucinations. As for mystical experience, we need look no further them many causes in which someone support that good commanded the murder of as many people in contrast to those instances in which one is awareness of God as supremely loving. In both area of experience, there are two ways in which one can acquire for believe. The two cause of sense elation just mention illustrate this as do the kinds of people supposing themselves to be awareness of God telling them to do things that God would not tell anyone to do. The main issue will be whether mystical experiences are genuine. Since skeptics about religious experience usually taken that one is ever genuinely awareness of really existence God.

            Reason for a positive answer can be deviated into theological and philosophical one the former conformist any comforter of the belief system of a given religion that give us reason for thinking. As for philosophical reason, one can used the mystical experience as approve for the existence of God. According to this position believes formed on the base of experience posses and initial credibility by virtue of their origin.   

            A lush number of temporary philosophers deny that anyone ever genuinely perceives the present of God. Most of the reason base on different between sense experience and mystical experience. The first and most obvious reasons for a negative easement concern certain striking different between sense experience and mystical experience. Sense experience is a comment position of all human beings whereas mystical experience is not.  

            A second comment charade is that the mystics is simply reading prior religious believes into a cognitively in different experience. Rather than being directly awareness of supreme reality. A third reason, for partiality is the supposition that mystical experience can be explained in naturalistic terms and that this fact shows it not to constitute in experience of a super natural reality. A four important different between sense and mystical perception is that there are effective tests for accuracy in the cause of the former but not the latter.

It is important to be clear as tow words is and is not in word and this problem it would not be sensible to think that mystical perceptions can general a complete system of religious belief. Hence, the experience and report of Christian and Muslim might not contradict each other. Even thought, there are contradictions between the two complete bodies of belief.

What is Philosophy?

What is philosophy? Is a difficult question to be answer? We can help this question to be answered meanly three approaches.

1. To understand and defined philosophy.

2. To study the history of western and eastern philosophy.

3. To study the nature and scope of philosophy.

As the team has its roots in the language of ancient Greeks, The definition can start with it. Philosophy means love of wisdom or Love of knowledge. Wisdom is some short of knowledge which give the real understand.

The idea of philosophy and west has not been parallel to that an India. India philosophers never contact with why they experience to known the reality they believe that they should have a deep understanding of the man and universe. According to Greek philosopher Plato, philosophy is the mutant of all science in Greek philosophy all science will study another subject of philosophy. Many philosophers defined their idea of it.

According to the (1) Aristotle philosophy is the sciences which consider truth he calls the subject first philosophy.

2.      Herbert Spencer describe philosophy as concerned with everything is Universe science.

3.      John Dewey, philosophy signified achievable a wisdom that would influence the contact of life.

4.      Cicero describes philosophy virtues and maimed.

5.      Karl mars, so far philosopher had interpretive the world but the point is to change it.

6.      Plato, philosophy is way of living and die.

The feel of philosophy is a vase one if include everything. However, no philosophy can grasp everything at one philosophy is consider traditionally dell with the following area.

1. Metaphysics (beyond)

2. Epistemology (the theory of knowledge)

3. Ethics (Moral philosophy)

4. Logic (reasoning).

5. Philosophy of mind.

Although different definitions are given to explain philosophy and religion basically they do not contradict each other. Philosophy and Religion are the two moons under the man apprehend universe. Philosophy and Religion may differ to some extent but in fact they are complementary to each other. A man needs a better philosophy and a better religion.

Philosophy and Religion have only one purpose that it is seeking unity and through diversity. In philosophy the purpose of is peace, harmony, adjustment, salvation philosophy and religion. It is and interlace and logically interpretation of religion experience.

Most philosophy incorporate religious beyond in the wide senses connect with a reality beyond appearing and the senses. They have provided philosophy of religion. Sometime certain religions are interview using the objective of philosophy. Therefore, modern scholars identified that philosophical think may include certain religion. Philosophy of religion is the philosophical examination of the central think and concern involved in religion tradition it include all the main area of philosophy it include an investigation into the religious significant historical even and general feature of society.

The philosophy of religion is not an organ of religious teaching. Religious practices, rituals, worship, prayer, etc. Need not to be undertaken from the standpoint of philosophy of religion. All these are the activity of religion like the religious teaching, but philosophy of religion. We have to observe philosophical aspects of all these organs of religion.

Philosophical studies of religion is a methodology use and religious of study it means many a section about history the nature and limited of religious experience. Theology means also benefited from philosophy of religion at least two areas…

1. Historically theology has been influenced by philosophy.

2. Philosophy clarified, evaluable and compare religious believe.

For the Greeks Plato and Aristotle wonder was the beginning of philosophy from such wonder according to Plato emerge religious knowledge that also was mediate through idea. Aristotle, on the other hand, impress with the original life and man and animal. Two as his fundamental category in this contents God was thought of as pure form as final and as prime mover. This philosophical concept was used by christen theologians like ST.thomas Aquinas.

Rene Decaters, the further of modern philosophy is significant intends of his reaction against to the authority this famous statement is the authority in inquiry knowledge this notion was used later theology

Immanuel Kant has been called the second founder of modern philosopher with him philosophy become to take and interest and human knowledge it verities scope and limited though he was incline to interpret all religious essential inter of morality the believing God was justified as the holding of regulative idea that bring coherence into all of man’s thinking. Gorge Hegal came to regard the universe in it cultural social and political progress as but manifestation in time of unchanging absolute spirit is a God.

The Buddhist ethical criteria of wholesome and unwholesome.

An ethical system is connecting with the behavior as right and wrong good and bad. The behavior in human society mostly is leading to immoral way because human’s mind is delight in the evil action. To knowing it, the Buddhist ethical system contains an explanation of good and bad behavior for living in the moral way. There are three basic factors in Buddhist ethical system namely (1) Free will. (2) Rebirth. (3) Moral Causation.

Regarding to the factors of Buddhist ethical system, one has chance to analysis and emphasize. Buddhist ethical system is a requirement for the attainment of Nibbana by spiritual morality. To get this spiritual morality, one must be self welfare first and then help other. There are four kinds of person in Buddhist ethical system. (1) Person who does not act with self welfare. (2) Person who engages in altruism action but not self welfare. (3) The person who engages in self welfare but not altruism. (4) Person who engages in actions of both self welfare and altruism. Buddhism accept that the person who acts in both altruism and self welfare choose the best.

For the sake of both altruism and self welfare, in the Anumana Sutta it is mentioned that there are two ways of inference. (1)  Inference about one self by means of other and (2) inference of other by means of one self. Of them, the first is said that “If a person engages in wrong doing such a person is unpleasant to me and I am also evil. In the power if evil thoughts I become unpleasant to other person and they also dislike me”. The second is said that “I like to live a long time and I like to enjoyable life but I dislike suffering. If I deprive a life if another who likes to live long without dying and suffering, it is disagreeable to such person”.

In Ambalatthika Rahulavada Sutta of M.N, then it is mentioned a principle to decide wholesome and unwholesome action. According to that Sutta, one should reflect when one thinks of committing action with the body, word and mind. Again when one has committed an action one has to reflect on action of doing. If one see it is harmful to oneself and other, one should considered it as unwholesome and should not do. If action appears as good for both, one should do it. It is the best way to follower the factors in the Buddhist ethical criteria of wholesome and unwholesome actions.

What is the distinction between Kusala and Puñña

     In the mind, producing of good action are kusala( wholesome) and Puñña (merit). According to the philosophies and societies of critics Kusala and Puñña would be different condition. Kusala and Puñña are usually translated as meritorious action. The term Puñña has been regally used in the pali scriptural tradition to denote that which benefits the person who is intent on bettering his future state of existence without renouncing the pleasure of household life. The significance of the terms Puñña cannot be understood except in the context of the Buddhist doctrines of Kusala and Saṃsarā.

     Acts of Puñña in Buddhism are looked upon as those deeds which have the tendency to promote a person's happiness in the future life. Puñña helps a person to be reborn in a pleasant form of existence (sugati), whereas Pāpa leads to regression in the Saṃsaric cycle. It is believed that those who have an abundance of Pañña reborn in heavenly spheres of existence, while those who have an abundance of pāpa are reborn in woeful states of existence. The terms kusala and akusala in the pali canonical scriptures shows that there is a noteworthy difference in their definition when compared with that of the terns puñña and pāpa.

The terms kusala appears to have been used more frequently in the evolution if action leading to the higher spiritual goal of Buddhism. The anguttara nikāya which uses evaluative language in characterizing the specific modes of behavior and condition of mind which conduce to the attainment of the ultimate goal of Buddhism, omits the term Puñña but including the term kusala. A person endowed with ten qualities is called one who is endowed with kusala. The Buddha assert that the practices that are kusala gradually lead a person to the highest state, meaning the attainment of Nibbhana.

     Nibbhana, the highest spiritual attainment of Buddhism is the condition in which greed, malice and ignorance are described as akusala while the absence of them is described as kusala, akusala, unlike Puñña is no to be discarded but to be cultivated. The Buddha is said to have reflected on the face that he himself abandoned the numerous evil and unwholesome qualities and attained reflection in the numerous kusala qualities. The Buddha was venerated for possessing morally good qualities. In the context of answering certain question asked by kind Pasenadi of Kosaka, Ananda, one of the chief disciples of the Buddha, says that the Buddha is one who has discarded all sates that are akusala and possessed of states which are kusala.

     Kusala on the other hand emphasized the non-sensuous spiritual bliss, which results from if. Kusala culminates in the eradication of the defilement lobha, dosa and moha. The term that was invariable used in specifying the god action which lead to the spiritual bliss of Nibbana, whereas the term more frequently used for specifying the good action which lead to sensuous enjoyment and happiness in Saṃsarā was Puñña.

The AbbhidhammaTripitaka. P.F.101(B.P.U)2010

The Abbhidhamma is the third division of pāli cannon in the Tripitaka. The Abbhidhamma was delivered in the Tavatiṃsā of deity world by the Buddha. When the Buddha then, come down for the meal, to the human world. The Buddha preached his disciple, Sāriputtara. After that, Sāriputta preached his 500 disciple such as Battaji, and later on, revada and other disciple also learn it from their teaches from hand to hand. It took record the Abbhidhamma in the third Buddhist council. During the reign of Asoka in the 3th century B.C.

According to the development of Abbhidhamma, it is consider as excellent the fruit of the Buddhist philosophy in field of theravada and sarvastivada. But according to the various views there are so many ideas about Origin. Regarding to it, we can fine some information there are some question and appear. First did the Buddha preach himself the Abbhidhamma? Second, was there not Abbhidhamma before the first council? And third, why did the Buddha not separate as Abbhidhamma pitaka? To answer is that we cannot see particularly a part of Dhamma named as Abbhidhamma in early discourse expect only Dhamma and vinaya. But because of Abbhidhamma is also including in the Dhamma.

The name of Abbhidhamma Tipitaka, later on, occurs when his disciples collect the teaching of the Buddha because the Buddha gives his sermon to different person, different place and different time to all beings. The Abbhisdhamma was composed on the basket of sutta and based with same subject at the sutta pitaka. The pāli word Abbhidhamma is combined with two word as abhi or abha and dhamma. Abbhi or abha means ultimate.Dhamma also means teaching or doctrine. According to the this point of views,Abbhi-dhamma means ultimate teaching.

At the present time, there are seven fundamental action in Abbhidhamma books.and its commentary including Visudhimagga is written by the Budhaghosa in first half of the 5^th century. At the time, so many bhikhus in Ceylon the center of southern Buddhist started the study if Abbhidhamma.The Abbhidhamma possessed from the Ceylon to suvaṇṇabhūmi (lower Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia and so on.